Pattern Layout
PatternLayout
is a customizable, efficient, garbage-free, and human-readable string generating layout using a user-provided pattern.
It is analogous to String#format()
with specialized directives on injecting certain properties of a LogEvent
.
Pattern Layout is not intended for structural logging purposes. For production environments, you are strongly advised to use JSON Template Layout producing JSON output ready to be delivered to log ingestion systems such as Elasticsearch or Google Cloud Logging. |
Usage
Pattern Layout is primarily configured using a conversion pattern referring to certain properties of a LogEvent
.
A conversion pattern is composed of literal text and format control expressions called conversion specifiers.
For instance, given the following layout configuration
-
XML
-
JSON
-
YAML
-
Properties
log4j2.xml
<PatternLayout pattern="%-5p [%t]: %m%n"/>
log4j2.json
"PatternLayout": {
"pattern": "%-5p [%t]: %m%n"
}
log4j2.yaml
PatternLayout:
pattern: "%-5p [%t]: %m%n"
log4j2.properties
appender.0.layout.type = PatternLayout
appender.0.layout.pattern = %-5p [%t]: %m%n
then the following statements
LOGGER.debug("Message 1");
LOGGER.warn("Message 2");
will yield the output
DEBUG [main]: Message 1
WARN [main]: Message 2
Any literal text, including \t
, \n
, \r\
, and \f
special characters, may be included in the conversion pattern.
Use \\
to insert a single backslash into the output.
Each conversion specifier starts with a %
character, and is followed by optional format modifiers and a conversion character.
The conversion character specifies the type of data, e.g., category, priority, date, thread name.
The format modifiers control such things as field width, padding, and left and right justification.
Use %%
to insert a single %
into the output.
Use %n
to insert the line separator of the platform.
There is no explicit separator between text and conversion specifiers.
The pattern parser knows when it has reached the end of a conversion specifier when it reads a conversion character.
In the example above the conversion specifier %-5p
means the priority of the log event should be left justified to a width of five characters.
If the pattern string does not contain a specifier to handle a Throwable
being logged, parsing of the pattern will act as if the %xEx
specifier had been added to the end of the string.
To suppress the formatting of the Throwable
completely simply add %ex{0}
as a specifier in the pattern string.
Configuration
This section explains how to configure Pattern Layout plugin element in a Log4j configuration file.
Plugin attributes
Pattern Layout plugin configuration accepts the following attributes:
charset
Type |
|
---|---|
Default value |
The platform default |
Charset
used for encoding the produced JSON into bytes
pattern
Type |
|
---|---|
Default value |
|
A composite pattern string of one or more Pattern converters.
pattern
and patternSelector
are mutually exclusive, that is, only one can be specified.
This attribute supports runtime property substitution using an event evaluation context.
If the provided pattern does not contain an exception converter and |
patternSelector
Type |
---|
A component that analyzes information in the LogEvent
and determines which pattern should be used to format the event.
patternSelector
and pattern
are mutually exclusive, that is, only one can be specified.
replace
Type |
---|
Allows portions of the resulting String
to be replaced.
If configured, the replace
element must specify the regular expression to match and the substitution.
alwaysWriteExceptions
Type |
|
---|---|
Default value |
|
If true
and the user-provided pattern does not contain an exception converter, an implicit %xEx
pattern is appended.
This means that if you do not include a way to output exceptions in your pattern, the default exception formatter will be added to the end of the pattern.
Setting this to false
disables this behavior and allows you to exclude exceptions from your pattern output.
Plugin elements
Pattern Layout plugin configuration accepts the following elements:
RegexReplacement
Allows portions of the resulting String
to be replaced.
This performs a function similar to the replace
converter but applies to the whole message while the converter only applies to the String
its pattern generates.
It supports following attributes:
regex
-
A Java-compliant regular expression to match the resulting string
replacement
-
The string to replace any matched substrings with
PatternSelector
Pattern Layout can be configured with a PatternSelector
to allow it to choose a pattern to use based on attributes of the log event or other factors.
A PatternSelector
will normally be configured with a defaultPattern
attribute, which is used when other criteria don’t match, and a set of PatternMatch
elements that identify the various patterns that can be selected.
Predefined PatternSelector
s are as follows:
LevelPatternSelector
The LevelPatternSelector
selects patterns based on the level of the log event.
Its configuration is similar to MarkerPatternSelector
, with the difference that the key
attribute of the PatternMatch
element is matched against the log level associated with the log event.
MarkerPatternSelector
The MarkerPatternSelector
selects patterns based on the marker included in the log event.
If the marker in the log event is equal to or is an ancestor of the name specified on the key
attribute of the PatternMatch
element, then the pattern
specified on that PatternMatch
element will be used.
Below is a MarkerPatternSelector
example switching from the [%-5level] %c{1.} %msg%n
default pattern to [%-5level] %c{1.} ====== %C{1.}.%M:%L %msg ======%n
, if the marker matches to FLOW
:
-
XML
-
JSON
-
YAML
-
Properties
log4j2.xml
<PatternLayout>
<MarkerPatternSelector defaultPattern="[%-5level] %c{1.} %msg%n">
<PatternMatch key="FLOW" pattern="[%-5level] %c{1.} ====== %C{1.}.%M:%L %msg ======%n"/>
</MarkerPatternSelector>
</PatternLayout>
log4j2.json
"PatternLayout": {
"MarkerPatternSelector": {
"defaultPattern": "[%-5level] %c{1.} %msg%n",
"PatternMatch": [
{
"key": "FLOW",
"pattern": "[%-5level] %c{1.} ====== %C{1.}.%M:%L %msg ======%n"
}
]
}
}
log4j2.yaml
PatternLayout:
MarkerPatternSelector:
defaultPattern: "%-5p [%t]: %m%n"
PatternMatch:
- key: "FLOW"
pattern: "[%-5level] %c{1.} ====== %C{1.}.%M:%L %msg ======%n"
log4j2.properties
appender.0.layout.type = PatternLayout
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.type = MarkerPatternSelector
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.defaultPattern = %-5p [%t]: %m%n
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.patternMatch.0.type = PatternMatch
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.patternMatch.0.key = FLOW
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.patternMatch.0.pattern = [%-5level] %c{1.} ====== %C{1.}.%M:%L %msg ======%n
ScriptPatternSelector
The ScriptPatternSelector
selects patterns by matching the output of a script execution against given PatternMatch
elements.
Below is an example using a script determining NoLocation
or Flow
keywords from a log event and matching it against two PatternMatch
es to configure the effective pattern:
-
XML
-
JSON
-
YAML
-
Properties
log4j2.xml
<PatternLayout>
<ScriptPatternSelector defaultPattern="[%-5level] %c{1.} %C{1.}.%M.%L %msg%n">
<Script name="BeanShellSelector" language="bsh"><![CDATA[
if (logEvent.getLoggerName().equals("NoLocation")) {
return "NoLocation";
} else if (logEvent.getMarker() != null && logEvent.getMarker().isInstanceOf("FLOW")) {
return "Flow";
} else {
return null;
}]]>
</Script>
<PatternMatch key="NoLocation" pattern="[%-5level] %c{1.} %msg%n"/>
<PatternMatch key="Flow" pattern="[%-5level] %c{1.} ====== %C{1.}.%M:%L %msg ======%n"/>
</ScriptPatternSelector>
</PatternLayout>
log4j2.json
"PatternLayout": {
"ScriptPatternSelector": {
"defaultPattern": "[%-5level] %c{1.} %msg%n",
"Script": {
"name": "BeanShellSelector",
"language": "bsh",
"scriptText": "if (logEvent.getLoggerName().equals(\"NoLocation\")) { return \"NoLocation\"; } else if (logEvent.getMarker() != null && logEvent.getMarker().isInstanceOf(\"FLOW\")) { return \"Flow\"; } else { return null; }"
},
"PatternMatch": [
{
"key": "NoLocation",
"pattern": "[%-5level] %c{1.} %msg%n"
},
{
"key": "Flow",
"pattern": "[%-5level] %c{1.} ====== %C{1.}.%M:%L %msg ======%n"
}
]
}
}
log4j2.yaml
PatternLayout:
ScriptPatternSelector:
defaultPattern: "%-5p [%t]: %m%n"
Script:
name: "BeanShellSelector"
language: "bsh"
scriptText: |
if (logEvent.getLoggerName().equals("NoLocation")) {
return "NoLocation";
} else if (logEvent.getMarker() != null && logEvent.getMarker().isInstanceOf("FLOW")) {
return "Flow";
} else {
return null;
}
PatternMatch:
- key: "NoLocation"
pattern: "[%-5level] %c{1.} %msg%n"
- key: "Flow"
pattern: "[%-5level] %c{1.} ====== %C{1.}.%M:%L %msg ======%n"
log4j2.properties
appender.0.layout.type = PatternLayout
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.type = ScriptPatternSelector
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.defaultPattern = [%-5level] %c{1.} %C{1.}.%M.%L %msg%n
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.script.type = Script
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.script.name = BeanShellSelector
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.script.language = bsh
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.script.scriptText =\
if (logEvent.getLoggerName().equals("NoLocation")) {\
return "NoLocation";\
} else if (logEvent.getMarker() != null && logEvent.getMarker().isInstanceOf("FLOW")) {\
return "Flow";\
} else {\
return null;\
}
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.0.type = PatternMatch
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.0.key = NoLocation
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.0.pattern = [%-5level] %c{1.} %msg%n
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.1.type = PatternMatch
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.1.key = Flow
appender.0.layout.patternSelector.1.pattern = [%-5level] %c{1.} ====== %C{1.}.%M:%L %msg ======%n
Pattern converters
The Pattern Layout conversion pattern is composed of literal text and format control expressions called conversion specifiers – refer to Usage for details.
Plugins implementing PatternConverter
are admitted to the pattern converter registry of Pattern Layout, and used to resolve the conversion specifiers.
The predefined set of pattern converters will be shared in the following sections. While doing so, their syntax will be documented in a certain notation. Consider the following example for the syntax of Date pattern converter:
%d{dateSpecifier}[{timezone}]
This means that
-
%d
identifies the associated pattern converter -
{dateSpecifier}
indicates that the converter accepts a requireddateSpecifier
parameter -
[{timezone}]
indicates that the converter accepts an optionaltimezone
parameter
If you want to have %d{something}
literal in your pattern without matching for the actual %d
pattern converter, you can escape the %
as follows: %%d{something}
.
Class
Outputs the fully qualified class name of the caller issuing the logging request
ClassNamePatternConverter
specifier grammarC{precision}
class{precision}
This conversion specifier can be optionally followed by a precision specifier that follows the same rules as the logger name converter.
Capturing the source location information to generate the class name of the caller is an expensive operation, and is not garbage-free. The logger name converter can generally be used as a zero-cost substitute. See this section of the layouts page for details. |
Date
Outputs the instant of the log event
DatePatternConverter
specifier grammard{pattern}[{timezone}]
date{pattern}[{timezone}]
The date conversion specifier may be followed by a set of braces containing a date and time formatting pattern per DateTimeFormatter
.
The predefined named formats are:
Pattern | Example output |
---|---|
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You can also use a set of braces containing a time zone id per TimeZone#getTimeZone(String)
.
If no date format specifier is given, then the DEFAULT
format is used.
You can also define custom date formats, see following examples:
Pattern | Example output |
---|---|
|
|
|
|
%d{UNIX}
outputs the epoch time in seconds, i.e., the difference in seconds between the current time and 1970-01-01 00:00:00 (UTC).
%d{UNIX_MILLIS}
outputs the epoch time in milliseconds.
Note that the granularity of the sub-second formatters depends on the platform.
Users may revert to a millisecond-precision clock when running on Java 9 by setting the log4j2.clock
system property to SystemMillisClock
.
Except |
Encode
Encodes and escapes special characters suitable for output in specific markup languages
EncodingPatternConverter
specifier grammarenc{pattern}{[HTML|XML|JSON|CRLF]}
encode{pattern}{[HTML|XML|JSON|CRLF]}
By default, this encodes for HTML if only one option is specified. The second option is used to specify which encoding format should be used.
A typical usage would encode the message (i.e., %enc{%m}
), but the input could come from other locations as well (e.g., from a Thread Context entry: %enc{%mdc{key}}
).
Using the HTML encoding format, the following characters are replaced:
Characters | Replacement |
---|---|
|
Converted into string literals |
|
Replaced with the corresponding HTML entity |
Using the XML encoding format, this follows the escaping rules specified by the XML specification:
Characters | Replacement |
---|---|
|
The corresponding XML entity |
Using the JSON encoding format, this follows the escaping rules specified by RFC 4627 section 2.5:
Characters | Replacement |
---|---|
|
|
Any other control characters |
Encoded into its |
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|
If you are using JSON encoder in your conversion pattern, it is a strong indicator that you are trying to implement structured logging using Pattern Layout – please, don’t! Use JSON Template Layout instead. |
Using the CRLF encoding format, the following characters are replaced:
Characters | Replacement |
---|---|
|
Converted into literal strings |
End-of-batch
Outputs the EndOfBatch
status of the log event as true
or false
EndOfBatchPatternConverter
specifier grammarendOfBatch
Equals
Replaces occurrences of a string (test
) with its replacement (substitution
) in the string resulting from the evaluation of the pattern:
EqualsReplacementConverter
and EqualsReplacementConverter
specifiers' grammarequals{pattern}{test}{substitution}
equalsIgnoreCase{pattern}{test}{substitution}
For example, %equals{[%marker]}{[]}{}
will replace []
strings produced by events without markers with an empty string.
The pattern can be arbitrarily complex and in particular can contain multiple conversion keywords.
Exception
Outputs information extracted from the Throwable
attached to the log event.
It features two modes:
-
Rendering the exception stack trace (the default mode)
-
Extracting an exception property (message, class name, line number, etc.)
Exception converter is not garbage-free. |
Exception stack trace
In this mode, the exception stack trace will be rendered according to the configuration provided.
All rendered exception stack traces are ensured to be prefixed with a new line obtained using |
ThrowablePatternConverter
specifier grammar for rendering stack traces:
ex|exception|throwable
{ "none"
| "short"
| depth
| "full"
}
{filters(package,package,...)}
{separator(text)}
{suffix(pattern)}
If this mode is employed without any configuration, the output will be identical to the one obtained from Throwable#printStackTrace()
.
none
-
Suppress the output of the converter
short
-
Outputs the first two lines of the stack trace (analogous to
%ex{2}
) depth
-
Outputs the first
depth
lines of the stack trace (%ex{0}
is analogous to%ex{none}
) full
-
Outputs the complete stack trace (analogous to no configuration)
filters(package,package,…)
-
Suppresses stack trace elements of classes located in packages whose names start with the package names provided. Suppressed stack trace elements will be denoted in the output. For instance,
%ex{filters(org.junit)}
can be used to suppress JUnit classes in the rendered stack trace. separator(text)
suffix(pattern)
-
You can change the used line separator in multiple ways:
-
Use
separator(text)
to set the separator string literal. It defaults toSystem.lineSeparator()
. The contents oftext
will be rendered verbatim without being subject to any processing. -
suffix(pattern)
is identical to{separator(text)}
with the exception that the providedpattern
will be processed as a Pattern Layout conversion pattern before being rendered. Exception-rendering directives in thepattern
(%ex
,%rEx
, etc.) will be discarded.
{separator(text)}
and{suffix(pattern)}
get concatenated to produce the effective line separator as follows:String effectiveLineSeparator(String separator, String suffix, LogEvent event) { String formattedSuffix = format(suffix, event); return isNotBlank(formattedSuffix) ? (' ' + formattedSuffix + lineSeparator) : lineSeparator; }
You are strongly advised to avoid using both
separator(text)
andsuffix(pattern)
at the same time; simply use one instead. -
Exception property
In this mode, extracted attributes of the Throwable
are injected verbatim.
That is, no newlines, suffixes, prefixes, etc. will be added.
ThrowablePatternConverter
specifier grammar for extracting properties:
ex|exception|throwable
{ "short.className"
| "short.fileName"
| "short.lineNumber"
| "short.methodName"
| "short.message"
| "short.localizedMessage"
}
short.className
-
Class name of the first stack trace element in the causal chain
short.fileName
-
File name of the first stack trace element in the causal chain
short.lineNumber
-
Line number of the first stack trace element in the causal chain
short.methodName
-
Method name of the first stack trace element in the causal chain
short.message
-
Exception message
short.message
-
Localized exception message
Exception (Extended)
The same as the exception
converter, but additionally includes class packaging information in the rendered stack traces.
ExtendedThrowablePatternConverter
specifier grammarxEx|xException|xThrowable
[... same as the exception converter grammar ...]
Each stack trace element is suffixed with a string containing the name of the JAR file that contains the class (or the directory the class is located in) and the Implementation-Version
as found in that JAR’s manifest.
If the information is uncertain, then the class packaging information will be preceded by a ~
(tilde) character.
File
Outputs the file name where the logging request was issued
FileLocationPatternConverter
specifier grammarF
file
Capturing the source location information to generate the file name of the caller is an expensive operation, and is not garbage-free. See this section of the layouts page for details. |
FQCN
Outputs the fully qualified class name of the logger
LoggerFqcnPatternConverter
specifier grammarfqcn
Highlight
Adds ANSI colors to the result of the enclosed pattern based on the current event’s logging level. Windows users should refer to ANSI styling on Windows.
HighlightConverter
specifier grammarhighlight{pattern}{style}
The style
parameter is a comma-separated list of the following directives:
Directive | Description |
---|---|
|
Formats all messages matching level |
|
Sets the default style, which is equivalent to the following sequence of directives: |
|
Applies the style used by Logback’s |
You can use the default colors with:
%highlight{%d [%t] %-5level: %msg%n%throwable}
You can override the default colors in the optional {style}
option.
For example:
%highlight{%d [%t] %-5level: %msg%n%throwable}{FATAL=white, ERROR=red, WARN=blue, INFO=black, DEBUG=green, TRACE=magenta}
You can highlight only a portion of the log event:
%d [%t] %highlight{%-5level: %msg%n%throwable}
You can style one part of the message and highlight the rest of the log event:
%style{%d [%t]}{black} %highlight{%-5level: %msg%n%throwable}
You can also use the STYLE
key to use a predefined group of colors:
%highlight{%d [%t] %-5level: %msg%n%throwable}{STYLE=logback}
Level
Outputs the level of the log event
LevelPatternConverter
specifier grammarp|level{level=label, level=label, ...}
p|level{length=n}
p|level{lowerCase=true|false}
You provide a level name map in the form level=value, level=value
, where the level is the name of the Level and value is the value that should be displayed instead of the name of the `Level
.
For example:
%level{WARN=Warning, DEBUG=Debug, ERROR=Error, TRACE=Trace, INFO=Info}
Alternatively, for the compact-minded:
%level{WARN=W, DEBUG=D, ERROR=E, TRACE=T, INFO=I}
More succinctly, for the same result as above, you can define the length of the level label:
%level{length=1}
If the length is greater than a level name length, the layout uses the normal level name.
You can combine the two kinds of options:
%level{ERROR=Error, length=2}
This gives you the Error
level name and all other level names of length 2.
Finally, you can output lower-case level names (the default is upper-case):
%level{lowerCase=true}
Line
Outputs the line number from where the log request was issued
LineLocationPatternConverter
specifier grammarL
line
Capturing the source location information to generate the line number of the caller is an expensive operation, and is not garbage-free. See this section of the layouts page for details. |
Location
Outputs location information of the caller which generates the logging event
LocationPatternConverter
specifier grammarl
location
The location information depends on the JVM implementation, but it usually consists of the fully qualified name of the calling method followed by the callers' file name and line number.
Capturing the source location information of the caller is an expensive operation, and is not garbage-free. See this section of the layouts page for details. |
Logger
Outputs the name of the logger that published the log event
LoggerPatternConverter
specifier grammarc{precision}
logger{precision}
By default, the layout prints the logger name in full.
A logger conversion specifier can be optionally followed by a precision specifier, which consists of a decimal integer, or a pattern starting with a decimal integer.
-
When the precision specifier is an integer value, it reduces the size of the logger name. If the number is positive, the layout prints the corresponding number of the rightmost logger name components. If negative, the layout removes the corresponding number of leftmost logger name components.
-
If the precision contains periods then the number before the first period identifies the length to be printed from items that precede tokens in the rest of the pattern. If the number after the first period is followed by an asterisk it indicates how many of the rightmost tokens will be printed in full.
-
If the precision contains any non-integer characters, then the layout abbreviates the name based on the pattern. If the precision integer is less than one, the layout still prints the right-most token in full.
See the table below for abbreviation examples:
Pattern | Logger name | Output |
---|---|---|
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Marker
Outputs the marker, if one is present
MarkerPatternConverter
and .MarkerSimpleNamePatternConverter
specifiers' grammarmarker
markerSimpleName
marker
outputs the full name of the marker, including its parents.
Whereas, markerSimpleName
outputs the simple name of the marker without its parents.
Map
Outputs the entries in a MapMessage
, if one is present in the event
MapPatternConverter
specifier grammarK{key}
map{key}
MAP{key}
The K
conversion character can be followed by the key for the map placed between braces, as in %K{clientNumber}
, where clientNumber
is the key.
The value of the map corresponding to the key will be output.
If no additional sub-option is specified, then all map entries are output using a {{key1,val1},{key2,val2}}
format.
Max. length
Outputs the result of evaluating the given pattern and truncating the result
MaxLengthConverter
specifier grammarmaxLen{pattern}{length}
maxLength{pattern}{length}
If the length is greater than 20, then the output will contain a trailing ellipsis. If the provided length is invalid, a default value of 100 is used.
For instance, %maxLen{%p: %c{1} - %m%notEmpty{ ⇒%ex{short}}}{160}
will be limited to 160 characters with a trailing ellipsis.
%maxLen{%m}{20}
will be limited to 20 characters and no trailing ellipsis.
Message
Outputs the message associated with the log event
MessagePatternConverter
specifier grammarm{lookups}{ansi}
msg{lookups}{ansi}
message{lookups}{ansi}
Add {ansi}
to render messages with ANSI escape codes.
Windows users should refer to ANSI styling on Windows.
The default syntax for embedded ANSI codes is:
@\|code(,code)* text\|@
For example, to render the message Hello
in green, use:
@\|green Hello\|@
To render the message Hello
in bold and red, use:
@\|bold,red Warning!\|@
You can also define custom style names in the configuration with the syntax:
%message{ansi}{StyleName=value(,value)*( StyleName=value(,value)*)*}%n
For example:
%message{ansi}{WarningStyle=red,bold KeyStyle=white ValueStyle=blue}%n
The call site can look like this:
logger.info("@\|KeyStyle {}\|@ = @\|ValueStyle {}\|@", entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
Method
Outputs the method name where the logging request was issued
MethodLocationPatternConverter
specifier grammarM
method
Capturing the source location information to generate the method name of the caller is an expensive operation, and is not garbage-free. See this section of the layouts page for details. |
Nanoseconds
Outputs the result of System.nanoTime()
at the time the log event was created
NanoTimePatternConverter
specifier grammarN
nano
Not empty
Outputs the result of evaluating the pattern, if and only if all variables in the pattern are not empty
VariablesNotEmptyReplacementConverter
specifier grammarvariablesNotEmpty{pattern}
varsNotEmpty{pattern}
notEmpty{pattern}
For example:
%notEmpty{[%marker]}
Process ID
Outputs the process ID, if supported by the underlying platform
ProcessIdPatternConverter
specifier grammarpid{defaultValue}
processId{defaultValue}
An optional defaultValue
may be specified to be shown, if the platform does not support process IDs.
Relative
Outputs the number of milliseconds elapsed since the JVM was started until the creation of the log event
RelativeTimePatternConverter
specifier grammarr
relative
Repeat
Produces a string containing the requested number of instances of the specified string
RepeatPatternConverter
specifier grammarR{string}{count}
repeat{string}{count}
For example, %repeat{*}{2}
will result in the string **
.
Replace
Replaces occurrences of a regular expression (regex
) with its replacement (substitution
) in the string resulting from the evaluation of the pattern
RegexReplacementConverter
specifier grammarreplace{pattern}{regex}{substitution}
For example, %replace{%msg}{\s}{}
will remove all spaces contained in the event message.
The pattern can be arbitrarily complex and in particular, can contain multiple conversion keywords.
For instance, %replace{%logger %msg}{\.}{/}
will replace all dots in the logger or the message of the event with a forward slash.
Root exception
Same as the exception
converter, but the stack trace causal chain is processed in reverse order.
RootThrowablePatternConverter
specifier grammarrEx|rException|rThrowable
[... same as the exception converter grammar ...]
Note that the inverted causal chain will not only affect the stack trace, but also extracted properties.
That is, for instance, |
Sequence number
Includes a sequence number that will be incremented in every event
SequenceNumberPatternConverter
specifier grammarsn
sequenceNumber
The counter is a static variable, so will only be unique within applications that share the same converter class object.
Style
Use ANSI escape sequences to style the result of the enclosed pattern.
The syntax of the style_expression
parameter is described in Style modifiers.
Windows users should also refer to ANSI styling on Windows.
StyleConverter
specifier grammarstyle{pattern}{style_expression}
For example:
%style{%d{ISO8601}}{black} %style{[%t]}{blue} %style{%-5level:}{yellow} %style{%msg%n%throwable}{green}
You can also combine styles:
%d %highlight{%p} %style{%logger}{bold cyan} %C{1.} %msg%n
You can also use %
with a color like %black
, %blue
, %cyan
, and so on.
For example:
%black{%d{ISO8601}} %blue{[%t]} %yellow{%-5level:} %green{%msg%n%throwable}
Thread context stack
Outputs the Thread Context stack (aka. Nested Diagnostic Context or NDC) associated with the thread that generated the log event
NdcPatternConverter
specifiers grammarx
NDC
Thread context map
Outputs the Thread Context map (aka. Mapped Diagnostic Context or MDC) associated with the thread that generated the log event
MdcPatternConverter
specifiers grammarX{key[,key2...]}
mdc{key[,key2...]}
MDC{key[,key2...]}
The X conversion character can be followed by one or more keys for the map placed between braces, as in %X{clientNumber}
, where clientNumber
is the key.
The value in the MDC corresponding to the key will be output.
If a list of keys is provided, such as %X{name, number}
, then each key that is present in the thread context will be output using the format {name=val1, number=val2}
.
The key/value pairs will be printed in the order they appear in the list.
If no sub-options are specified then the entire contents of the MDC key-value pair set is output using a format {key1=val1, key2=val2}
.
The key/value pairs will be printed in sorted order.
Thread ID
Outputs the ID of the thread that generated the log event
ThreadIdPatternConverter
specifiers grammarT
tid
threadId
Thread name
Outputs the name of the thread that generated the log event
ThreadNamePatternConverter
specifier grammart
tn
thread
threadName
Thread priority
Outputs the priority of the thread that generated the log event
ThreadPriorityPatternConverter
specifier grammartp
threadPriority
UUID
Includes either a random or a time-based UUID
UuidPatternConverter
specifier grammaru{RANDOM|TIME}
uuid{RANDOM|TIME}
The time-based UUID is a Type 1 UUID generated using the MAC address of each host
To ensure uniqueness across multiple JVMs and/or class loaders on the same host, a random number between 0 and 16,384 will be associated with each instance of the UUID generator class, and included in each time-based UUID generated.
See also log4j2.uuidSequence
.
Because time-based UUIDs contain the MAC address and timestamp, they should be used with care.
Format modifiers
By default, the relevant information is output as is. However, with the aid of format modifiers it is possible to change the minimum field width, the maximum field width, and justification.
The optional format modifier is placed between the percent sign and the conversion character.
The first optional format modifier is the left justification flag which is just the -
(minus) character.
Then comes the optional minimum field width modifier.
This is a decimal constant that represents the minimum number of characters to output.
If the data item requires fewer characters, it is padded on either the left or the right until the minimum width is reached.
The default is to pad on the left (right justify), but you can specify right padding with the left justification flag.
The padding character is space.
If the data item is larger than the minimum field width, the field is expanded to accommodate the data.
The value is never truncated.
To use zeros as the padding character prepend the minimum field width with a zero.
This behavior can be changed using the maximum field width modifier which is designated by a period followed by a decimal constant.
If the data item is longer than the maximum field, then the extra characters are removed from the beginning of the data item and not from the end.
For example, if the maximum field width is eight and the data item is ten characters long, then the first two characters of the data item are dropped.
This behavior deviates from the String#format()
, where truncation is done from the end.
Truncation from the end is possible by appending a minus character right after the period. In that case, if the maximum field width is eight and the data item is ten characters long, then the last two characters of the data item are dropped.
Below are various format modifier examples for the category conversion specifier.
Pattern | Left justify | Min. width | Max. width | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
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Left pad with spaces if the category name is less than 20 characters long. |
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Right pad with spaces if the category name is less than 20 characters long. |
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Truncate from the beginning if the category name is longer than 30 characters. |
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Left pad with spaces if the category name is shorter than 20 characters. However, if the category name is longer than 30 characters, then truncate from the beginning. |
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Right pad with spaces if the category name is shorter than 20 characters. However, if the category name is longer than 30 characters, then truncate from the beginning. |
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Right pad with spaces if the category name is shorter than 20 characters. However, if the category name is longer than 30 characters, then truncate from the end. |
Style modifiers
Pattern Layout supports styling your text using a variety of ANSI escape sequence, which can be used through the %highlight
and %style
pattern converters.
The generic syntax of a style expression is a space-separated list of:
-
constants from the
AnsiEscape
class -
or expressions of the form
#rrggbb
orBG_#rrggbb
, werer
,g
andb
are hexadecimal digits
In EBNF form the syntax of a style expression is:
<style_expression> ::= <style_expression> ( " " <style_expression> )*
<style_modifier> ::= "#" <hex> <hex> <hex> <hex> <hex> <hex>
| "bg_#" <hex> <hex> <hex> <hex> <hex> <hex>
| <keyword>
<hex> ::= "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7"
| "8" | "9" | "a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "f"
<keyword> ::= "normal" | "bold" | "dim" | "underline"
| "blink" | "reverse" | "hidden"
| "black" | "bg_black" | "bright_black" | "bg_bright_black"
| "red" | "bg_red" | "bright_red" | "bg_bright_red"
| "green" | "bg_green" | "bright_green" | "bg_bright_green"
| "yellow" | "bg_yellow" | "bright_yellow" | "bg_bright_yellow"
| "blue" | "bg_blue" | "bright_blue" | "bg_bright_blue"
| "magenta" | "bg_magenta" | "bright_magenta" | "bg_bright_magenta"
| "cyan" | "bg_cyan" | "bright_cyan" | "bg_bright_cyan"
| "white" | "bg_white" | "bright_white" | "bg_bright_white"
For example, you can use underline blue bg_bright_yellow
to specify a blue underlined text on a bright yellow background.
The style specifiers have the following effects (see Select Graphic Rendition for details):
normal
-
Reverts all parameters to their default value
bold
-
Increases the font weight or the color intensity
dim
-
Decreases the fond weight or the color intensity
underline
-
Underlines the text on some terminals
blink
-
Causes the text to blink
reverse
-
Swaps foreground and background colors
hidden
-
Hides the text
Colors
The color of the text or the background can be specified with the following style modifiers:
Text color | Background color | Visual |
---|---|---|
8 color terminals |
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16 color terminals |
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If your terminal supports 24-bit colors, you can specify:
-
the text color using the
#rrggbb
syntax, e.g.#dc143c
will color your text crimson, -
the background color using the
bg_#rrggbb
syntax, e.g.bg_#87ceeb
will use a sky blue background.
ANSI styling on Windows
ANSI escape sequences are supported natively on many platforms, but are disabled by default in cmd.exe
on Windows.
To enable ANSI escape sequences, create a registry key named HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console\VirtualTerminalLevel
of type DWORD
and set its value to 0x1
.
See Understanding Windows Console Host Settings and Console Virtual Terminal Sequences Microsoft documentation for more details.
Garbage-free configuration
Pattern Layout with the following limited set of conversion patterns is garbage-free. Format modifiers to control such things as field width, padding, left, and right justification will not generate garbage.
Pattern | Comment |
---|---|
Only the predefined date formats ( |
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Granted nested pattern is garbage-free |
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Garbage-free, but care is needed for Property substitution, including Lookups |
Patterns containing regular expressions and location information are not garbage-free.
Property substitution
Property substitutions (e.g., ${myProperty}
), including lookups (e.g., ${java:version}
, ${env:USER}
, ${date:MM-dd-yyyy}
) are supported, but extra care needs to be taken.
We strongly advise you to carefully read the configuration manual before using them.
Lookups are intended as a very generic, convenience utility to perform string interpolation for, in particular, configuration files and components (e.g., layouts) lacking this mechanism. Pattern Layout has a rich converter collection, and you should always prefer it whenever possible over lookups. Which converters can I use to replace lookups?
|
Extending
Pattern Layout relies on the Log4j plugin system to compose the features it provides. This makes it possible for users to extend the plugin-based feature set as they see fit. As of this moment, only extending pattern converters is supported. Following sections cover how to extend these in detail.
While existing features should address most common use cases, you might find yourself needing to implement a custom one. If this is the case, we really appreciate it if you can share your use case in a user support channel. |
Plugin preliminaries
Log4j plugin system is the de facto extension mechanism embraced by various Log4j components. Plugins provide extension points to components, that can be used to implement new features, without modifying the original component. It is analogous to a dependency injection framework, but curated for Log4j-specific needs.
In a nutshell, you annotate your classes with @Plugin
and their (static
) factory methods with @PluginFactory
.
Last, you inform the Log4j plugin system to discover these custom classes.
This is done using running the PluginProcessor
annotation processor while building your project.
Refer to Plugins for details.
Pattern converters
Plugins implementing PatternConverter
are admitted to the pattern converter registry of Pattern Layout, and used to resolve the conversion specifiers.
You can leverage this mechanism to introduce your custom pattern converters next to the predefined ones.
A PatternConverter
must first declare itself as a plugin using the standard @Plugin
annotation, and the @Namespace
annotation with the value Converter
.
Furthermore, the converter must also specify the @ConverterKeys
annotation to define the conversion specifiers, which will preceded by a %
character when used in a pattern.
Unlike most other plugins, pattern converters do not use a |
Refer to following sources for simple examples:
Performance
Great effort has been put into the efficiency of Pattern Layout. To get the most out of it, mind the following checklist:
-
Enable garbage-free logging
-
Don’t give too much slack to
log4j2.layoutStringBuilderMaxSize
and try to keep it relatively tight